La presente reseña está basada en las películas “La mamá y la puta” (1973) de Jean Eustache, de origen francés y “El ángel exterminador” (1962) de Luis Buñuel, filme mejicano. En principio según Georges Pérec en su libro Especies de espacios, señala que: “El espacio es una duda: continuamente necesito marcarlo, designarlo; nunca es mío, nunca me es dado, tengo que conquistarlo” (…)”, “Mis espacios son frágiles: el tiempo va a desgastarlos, va a destruirlos: nada se parecerá ya a lo que era” (…). Espacio privado sería, por lo tanto, aquello que nosotros ocultamos de los demás, para no ser expuestos en nuestros secretos más íntimos al resto. De esta forma, el otro se transforma en amenaza constante que vulnera nuestra fragilidad como ser humano. Desde siempre el hombre ha construido refugios, casas u otros para guarecerse del entorno y además quedar oculto ante el acoso de una presencia externa que puede aniquilarlo, ello supone entrar en una zona delicada o zona íntima, lugar donde cobijamos nuestro verdadero yo o secreto más íntimamente guardado: Una vida que transcurre en público, en presencia de otros, se hace superficial. Si bien retiene su visibilidad, pierde la cualidad de surgir a la vista desde algún lugar más oscuro, que ha de permanecer oculto para no perder su profundidad en un sentido muy real y no subjetivo. El único modo eficaz de garantizar la oscuridad de lo que requiere permanecer oculto a la luz de la publicidad es la propiedad privada, lugar privadamente poseído para ocultarse (Arendt, 1996, pp. 76-77).
Pues bien, con relación al concepto explicado, los filmes presentados son expuestos de acuerdo con la transgresión permanente de nuestra zona frágil, ese contacto con el otro que se convierte en extrañamiento, porque desconocemos su verdadero origen y sus razones, y si lo conocemos, se convierte en una intimidación contra nuestra intimidad. En el primer film “El ángel exterminador” los invitados están siempre dentro de la casa, sorprende el hecho que no sean capaces de abandonar el lugar, por una especie de protocolo que raya la locura y se expresa en el temor hacia lo desconocido (esto habita en el exterior). En relación a los hechos transcurridos en esta casa, observamos cómo se van perdiendo gradualmente los límites entre las personas, lo que se manifiesta en una constante transgresión al territorio interno, y cómo además ellos mismos, no se dan cuenta de la vulneración permanente de estos. Así por ejemplo, podemos observar la carestía de recursos básicos para la vida: la sed, el hambre, problemas de higiene, competencia, superstición, etc. En este aspecto, la vulneración estaría definida como la crudeza con la cual nos observa el otro, en todo el ámbito real de la persona, que ya no ostenta esa máscara de carácter social, teniendo en cuenta que esta careta lo tendería a salvar frente a la mirada acusadora de ese otro, que finalmente es como él, entonces se hace un juicio desde su misma perspectiva social; con lo cual ese juicio puede ser más crítico aún.
En este sentido, llama la atención y viene al caso recordar el cuento de Cortázar “Casa tomada” en este los hermanos tienen un lazo afectivo simbiótico con la casa y esta se presenta con un aspecto orgánico y oscuro, desde este territorio, los hermanos constantemente huyen de presencias que se van acercando gradualmente hacia ellos, con lo cual finalmente deciden huir.
En la segunda película, apreciamos cómo el cuerpo desnudo (objeto de permanente fragilidad) constituye un lugar de constante vulneración, en nuestro inconsciente colectivo está escondido el temor al ultraje, el temor a la violación de nuestro cuerpo, visto este como templo que debemos cuidar, pues bien estos límites se difuminan cada vez más en este film francés. Sobre todo, en el momento en que la enfermera (Veronika) comienza a visitar la casa de Alexandre con su pareja (Marie). Ello se aprecia visiblemente cuando se produce el traspaso desde los límites corporales hacia el contacto con los otros y en esta parte nos preguntamos: ¿Realmente nuestro cuerpo es vulnerado con el acto sexual?, a la vez se plantea: ¿el amor como elemento importante, puede salvarnos de ser ultrajados?
En relación a esto, observamos el espacio íntimo vulnerado en una realidad que sofoca, y es porque después de las revueltas de mayo (1969) todo ha perdido importancia, las cosas, así como hombres y mujeres se han aburguesado hasta el punto que incluso el cuerpo pasa a segundo plano y ya no existe el miedo a desacralizar esa zona frágil, por ello está en constante transgresión, lo que se aprecia también en la relación anterior de Alexandre con una antigua pareja, donde la violencia constituye otra forma de someter al cuerpo y traspasar el territorio íntimo de cada uno de ellos.
Claudia Vila Molina Profesora de lenguaje y comunicación de la PUCV, poeta, estudiante de Magister en Literatura Comparada en la universidad Adolfo Ibáñez.
Frutillar in the south in Chile. Photo credit Claudia Isabel Vila Molina
Sueño contigo madre corazón de átomo
Los divisé
pasaron por la ventana
hacia el este
(no me vieron)
se ahogaron en mi corazón.
No eché a los demonios
ni vi tu propio ojo mirándome.
Del libro inédito
La extraña casa de los sueños
Bosquejos
Ya es la hora, el tiempo
se perfila en las líneas de su mano
me basta golpear mi frente contra la ventana
derramar lenguajes en el sitio de la evaporación
me basta saltar los rasgos, los auténticos rasgos de la locura
pieza enigmática – distancia -vuelos.
Fotografías
Manos someten brevedades de minutos
y entonces el silencio es una plancha tibia
en el lugar de las memorias
y la llama una tetera oxidada en el interior
de imágenes.
Sacrificio
Mi cuerpo es tan lúgubre como la noche
y aun así entras en él- astros fracturan
el sesgo de remordimientos-algo ignorado
sigue en vilo -a pesar de los ángeles de las fotos
mi cuerpo sigue susurrando su corona de espinas
maniatado hacia las últimas especies de infamia
mi cuerpo es la sombra de tus ojos fantasmales
en el fondo de los espejos solo existes.
Claudia Isabel Vila Molina 22-09-1969…) Escritora nacida en Viña del Mar, Chile. Profesora de lenguaje y comunicación (PUCV), poeta, editora, correctora de textos y crítico literario. Estudiante de Magister en Literatura Comparada en la UAI en Santiago de Chile.
Son seres míticos… o espíritus vegetales y animales…que aparecen por el trance de tejer . Que son nuestros primeros textos.
Es bajar ese texto al cuerpo y activarlo en ceremonia Ese texto de plantas tiene una memoria ancestral
Que yo rescato hoy, por la necesidad de volver al rito, al mito y a generar saberes integrados para sanar
Si es así…mi quehacer es un trance espontáneo…según lo que voy tejiendo se arma el texto…
Si tejo una raíz me habla del inframundo. De mis densidades, oscuridades. De mis ancestros que nos sostienen y nos hacen pertenecer con identidad. Nuestras abuelas piedras nos enseñan a concretar
A cristaliza
Si tejo una rama, me conecta con supramundo, la luz , los seres alados, el aire, la espiral y el fruto , para dis frutar = sacar el fruto.. Es lo que me hace ser Pajararbol Al servicio de un oficio ancestral. Arte para lo social, arte en tribu
Francisco Ríos Araya (1971, Santiago)
With a background in journalism and art studies, Francisco has established a career known for participating in international sculptors’ gatherings. Clay, metal clay, wood, resin, and natural fibers are among the materials he integrates into his works.. Through his research, he investigates abstract elements that are connected to sensuality and the origins of life.
Francisco’s work revolves around exploring the representation of mythological beings present in diversified cultures. His reinterpretation of these concepts emphasizes their role as a conduit, linking the earthly with the celestial.
(Textos extraídos del poemario inédito Espacios otoñales)
Asuntos difíciles
Te dije que eras
que éramos algo difícil
el sueño nos hizo
reconocernos
nos botó la ola
de las muchas
memorias dispersas
y escuchamos el otro
lado de la pared.
Rosas rojas III
Me llamaste
desde una inicial
tallada en el cemento
me dejaste tocar
tus cuerpos fundados por la noche
más algo nos detuvo
y nos olvidamos callar
nos volvimos piedra inmediatamente
algo nos llevó hacia las hogueras
estábamos al principio de todo.
Raros sueños
Sueño con alguien desconocido
las palabras tienen vocales adúlteras
puedo procrear estos refugios
y deshabitar la noche
hoy vendrás a desnudarme
ellos me muestran otros paraderos
un tipo de lejanía habitual
el ritmo del oleaje
en ese sentimiento alzas la voz
y la fuente estalla en la penumbra
tus ojos parpadean furiosos
mientras nos llevamos la distancia.
(Poemas extraídos desde mi libro Los Extraviados)
Texturas difusas
Yo sé que te perdí, las heridas no eran la conservación
más fiel de nuestros recuerdos. Sé que te perdí en esos
rieles, la cabeza me remueve el sentido y no puedo
recordar los ritmos de los árboles, sé que tu cuerpo se
contorsiona, porque es tránsito y su pasaje es una
escalera sin dirección. Los dolores me cruzan la cara,
los ojos. Tú me cruzas como paloma y yo no sé, ¿qué
importancia tiene?, si volver a mirar los cerros con sus
murales, los pasajeros que nunca cesan de caminar o
los ángeles que vuelven a morir al mismo sitio. Se
acabaron para ti las oportunidades, el día se fue hacia
otra parte y así estamos partidas por la mitad, en el
círculo de luna y en la zona caliente de tu dolor.
Bosque
Desde el puente la luz se hace navío
y cede pensamientos en un paisaje de otoño
retrocedo, me albergo en este pasado
y un rápido batir me lleva hacia los ojos del bosque
diciembre es sólo una ráfaga
y los pájaros son niños que parten la memoria.
Universos paralelos
Contemplo naturaleza dentro de otro mundo
los árboles (como hilos sujetos por un alfiler)
se pierden entre las ondas
nunca más su mirada
quedará prendida a ciertos espantapájaros
(limitando el vuelo de los tornillos)
ni siquiera bajará hacia las cerraduras
y retumbará en los eslabones.
Claudia Isabel Vila Molina 22-09-1969…) Escritora nacida en Viña del Mar, Chile. Profesora de lenguaje y comunicación (PUCV), poeta, editora, correctora de textos y crítico literario. Estudiante de Magister en Literatura Comparada en la UAI en Santiago de Chile.
Featured photo: Inside the shaking tent or dentro de la temblorosa tienda del conocimiento by Mitchell Pluto
y un nuevo rostro aparece me saco antiguos ropajes
y floto con los muertos
nada es mas oscuro ni menos irreal.
Hipnosis
Un brillo como de hoja seca
persiste a traves de los objetos
que se diluyen en nuestras miradas
si a ese disfraz le quitamos las plumas
la noche tendria que inventar
nuevos prostibulos para esconderse
y se resquebrajarian
los rostros de todos los hipnotizados
Exorcismos
Las sombras saben guardar secretos
y muerden los tramos de esta hipocresia
no niego tu podredumbre
aunque me siente a un costado de este camino
y eche espuma por la boca
El tiempo tiene una agotadora manera
de sentarse en las sillas y mecerse
Claudia Vila Molina
My signed copy
09-22-1969
Born in Viña del Mar, Chile. Professor of language and communication at PUCV, poet and literary critic. In 2012, she published her first book, The Invisible Eyes of the Wind. She has published in renowned Chilean and foreign digital media: Babelia (Spain), Letras de Chile (Chile), Triplov and Athena de Portugal, among others. During the year 2017 she participates in the Xaleshem group with poetic texts for the surrealist anthologies: “Composing the illusion” in honor of Ludwig Zeller and “Full Moon”, in honor of Susana Wald. In 2018, she integrates the feminist anthology IXQUIC released both in Europe and in Latin America. In 2020 she participates reviewing the conversation book “Shuffle poetry, Surrealism in Latin America” by Alfonso Peña (Costa Rica), also writes a poetic prose text for the book “Arcano 16, La torre“, by the same author. Likewise, she participates in the book “120 notes of Eros. Written portraits of surrealist women” by Floriano Martins (Brazilian surrealist poet, writer, visual artist and cultural manager). In this year (2021) she publishes her second poetry book Poética de la erotica, amores y desamores by Marciano editores, Santiago. In 2023 Los Extraviados
The gods have “inner” or “spiritual” eyes (oju inun) with which to see the world of heaven and “outside eyes” (oju ode) with which to view the word of men and women. When a person comes under the influence of a spirit, his ordinary eyes swell to accommodate the inner eyes, the eyes of god. He will look broadly across the whole of all the devotees, he will open his eyes abnormally. Araba Eko, Lagos. 13 Janurary 1972. Flash of the Spirit. African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy Robert Farris Thompson 1983
Ritual contact with divinity underscores the religious aspirations of the Yoruba. To become possessed by the spirit of the Yoruba deity, which is a formal goal of the religion, is to “make the god”, to capture numinous flowing force within one’s body. When this happens, the face of the devotee usually freezes into a mask, a mask often (but not always) held during the time of possession by the spirit. Aṣhe is untranslatable.
Flash of the Spirit.African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy Robert Farris Thompson 1983
Bámigbóyè: A Master Sculptor of the Yorùbá Tradition. Mask, carved wood.James Green With Olúṣẹ̀yẹ Adéṣọlá, Anne Turner Gunnison, Efeoghene Igor, Will Rea, and Cathy Silverman. Yale University Press 2022
Ayayema es uno de los espíritus del mundo sobrenatural Kawéskar. Para los Kawéskar -canoeros de los archipiélagos del fin del mundo- existe un orden en la naturaleza, una armonía. Si esta se rompe cuando alguien se enferma o se produce un accidente, es causado por Ayayema, un espíritu poderoso que en su ser, lleva esa propiedad de alterar el orden. Ayayema proviene de hóutk’a álowe “más allá del horizonte”, que es la tierra de los espíritus que transitan desde ese mundo al mundo de los hombres. Él es un depredador, se alimenta de la energía vital de los seres vivos, viene al mundo de los hombres a cazar.
“YO SOY LA VOZ DEL CIELO SUR
QUE TRAE EL INVIERNO Y EL ANGOSTO DIA AUSTRAL
SOMBRAS ENORMES QUE SE LEVANTAN EN LA NOCHE
ALLÍ DONDE VIVE AYAYEMA
ESPÍRITU DEL RUIDO QUE RONCA ENTRE MONTAÑAS Y GLACIARES
QUE CAMINA EN LA ESPESURA DEL BOSQUE Y EL PANTANO
MITAD LLANTO HUMANO, MITAD GRITO DE BESTIA
ÉL TRAE AL VIENTO QUE VUELCA LAS CANOAS
ALLÍ HABITA RONDANDO LA NOCHE
ESCALANDO EL AGUA DE LAS CASCADAS
TRAYENDO EL MAL TIEMPO QUE HEMOS APRENDIDO A VER
EN EL PASO DE UNA BANDADA DE LOROS
QUE HEMOS COMBATIDO QUEMANDO UN DIENTE DE LOBA
Y HECHANDO SUS CENIZAS AL MAR.” (*)
“I AM THE VOICE OF THE SOUTH SKY
THAT BRINGS THE WINTER AND THE NARROW SOUTHERN DAY
HUGE SHADOWS THAT RISE AT NIGHT
WHERE AYAYEMA LIVES
THE SPIRIT OF THE NOISE THAT SNORES AMONG MOUNTAINS AND GLACIERS
THAT WALKS IN THE THICKNESS OF THE FOREST AND THE SWAMP
HALF WEEPING HUMAN, HALF THE CRY OF A BEAST
HE BRINGS THE WIND THAT OVERTURNS THE CANOES
THERE HE LIVES WANDERING AROUND THE NIGHT
CLIMBING THE WATER OF THE WATERFALLS
BRINGING THE BAD WEATHER THAT WE HAVE LEARNED TO SEE
IN THE PASSAGE OF A FLOCK OF PARROTS
THAT WE HAVE FIGHTED BY BURNING A WOLF’S TEETH
AND MAKING THEIR ASHES INTO THE SEA.” (*)
(*)Fragments from “Viaje al Archipiélago de los Chonos”, poem and documentary film written by Claudio Rodriguez Lanfranco.
En los Ceremoniales Kawéskar se usaban máscaras que representaban estos espíritus, usadas por los hombres, ya que las mujeres no podían llevarlas. Éstas máscaras, así como la pintura corporal, están más relacionadas con usos rituales que artísticos. Entre los Kawéskar existía un repertorio de canciones para estas ocasiones. Como parte de su rica tradición oral, estas experiencias se transmitían a los iniciados de generación en generación en cánticos alrededor de grandes fogatas donde Ayayema era un protagonista. Es el único tipo de expresión musical que se conoce de este pueblo. Las canciones ceremoniales se desconocen hoy y solo se cuenta con el testimonio de la literatura especializada.
“Kuosá jeksólok ak’uás æs čačár tawaisélok aksǽmhar os
aselái eik’olájer-s kuos ko at ku kiáu afsenák at árka æs sa
“Y después el finado, el espíritu, el alma de mi difunto papá, decían, contaban en aquella carpa, se sentía hablar, en la carpa que quedaba más arriba de la mía. Y a los espíritus les decían Ayayema así los llamaban. A él me mandaron, me mandaron animándome y le pregunté a él: “Padre, ¿eres tú el que está hablando?”, así dije. Y me respondió el espíritu que mora más allá del horizonte: “Sí”, así [dijo], “¿por qué me estás preguntando?
Los cuentos, relatos de viaje y las historias de vida Kawéskar, constituyen lo que se ha llamado “arte de la palabra”. Joel Sherzer y Greg Urban (1986) manifiestan que “Ningún indígena sudamericano ha ganado jamás el premio Nobel por su actuación (performance) oral u oratoria política. Sin embargo, todos los días y todas las noches los miembros de remotas sociedades de Brasil, Ecuador, Panamá, Chile, que viven en medioambientes no tecnológicos, están creando y desplegando una notable diversidad de formas verbales caracterizadas por riqueza metafórica, procesos poéticos y retóricos y estilos intensamente personales, todos los cuales son parte íntima de la reproducción y transmisión de sus tradiciones culturales y estéticas”.
Entre los Kawéskar se desarrolló durante siglos este arte de la palabra y fue la única manera de transmitir el conocimiento y de expresar estéticamente mediante la palabra (cf. O. Aguilera)
Poemas sobre máscaras desde poemario inédito Luz de lluvia escrito por Claudia Vila Molina
Grietas de la máscara
No nos es dado seguir hablando
ni de encontrar rastros perdidos
el azul juega con sus colores
y se forman raíces a tu alrededor
Son formas ennegrecidas
del sucio mineral de tu sangre,
espacio leve disgregado
en torno a esa máscara.
Tiempo ancestral
Recorro espacios cerrados
la memoria archiva actos conocidos
y solo vapor emerge desde estados de la imaginación,
mi mente perpetra esos instintos
(armonía remota de un entramado salvaje)
lucho por la veracidad de signos confiscados
y es penetrante tu esencia
ese código agrieta mis destinos
y películas convergen hacia tu manantial
Algo nos rodea desde siempre,
imagen pétrea instalada en cuencas de la prehistoria,
Es un asunto de querer magnetizar los elementos encontrados. Unirlos como si fueran una solución a un problema, sin tener , ni presentarse como problema. Al encontrar un objeto se van produciendo solas las uniones, la visión de esa reunión empieza a crear se su propia obra. Una inspiración creativa que se gesta a través de las palabras y las acciones. Arte de acción, teatro, poesía, plástica.
Nacido el año de 1961 y dedicado a la creación artística desde entonces, cuento en la actualidad con 62 años y perseveró con entusiasmo en la creación de poesía, obra plástica y conciertos de poesía.
Francisco Rios Araya blends the ancient diversity between Paracas culture and Chilote mythology to build a new mythic hybrid. Rios creates a séance with the memories of archaeological sites, improvised ceremony and masks.
Mun gee dik lives in rocks and along shadows near lake Manitou…it is said this spirit hid a cache of weapons in a cave from the marauding Iroquois…some believe weapons are hidden to this day and include modern firearms that were lost or thought stolen…the Great War hero Kawbenaw is said to still be alive and is keeping these weapons…someday mun gee dik and Kawbenaw will make themselves known
written and created by Duncan Neganigwane Pheasant
Mitchell Pluto
In August 1869, Alexander Jay Russell, a railroad photographer, captured an image of an unidentified entity during a total solar eclipse in Western Montana Territory. Russell’s journal entry depicted the creature as a tree-like being that glided along the ground and through the trees, mimicking every texture it encountered. The dark visor was the only consistent characteristic.
Photos found at an estate sale in 2023 are now in the possession of the Montana Historical Society Research Center Archives. Certain independent researchers suggest that this camouflaged entity possesses the capacity to swiftly adjust its chromatophores, enabling it to blend into any surroundings without being easily observed or recognized. This trait resembles that of Cephalopoda, the only organism known to exhibit such capabilities.
Many witnesses in Montana reported similar encounters during the solar eclipse on February 26, 1979, like Russell’s. Authorities have not yet released any official comments to the public.
welding mask with painted copper leaf by Mitchell Pluto. Wild Plains Horse Plains, Montana
epilogue
Ulen the elegant trickster. Plays tricks with his double, 1923. Photograph by Martin Gusinde
“In 1923, the Ulen only appeared once and then simply to amuse the public. A man went to the camp and told the women and children to observe the Hain closely. Awhile later, they saw Ulen’s large head protruding from one side of the Hain, his right arm arched over it. He started fixedly at the audience for several minutes and then vanished, only to reappear instantly on the other side of the hut, with his left arm arched over his head, still staring. The public marveled at the speed at the speed with which he cover the distance of some eight metres. The public did not know that the “backstage” there were two rigorously identical Ulens, posed at each side of the Hain. A third man gave them signals as to the exact moment at which they were to protrude their heads. The performers practiced a great deal in order to coordinate their movements and remain immobile for several minutes.”
Chapman, Anne (2008) Hain, Selknam Initiation Ceremony. Initiation ceremony of the Selknam of Tierra Del Fuego 12 160-162
Juan Enrique Piedrabuena Ruiz-Tagle nació en Santiago de Chile en 1951. Es Abogado y Magíster en Administración de Empresas. Vivió en Barcelona, España, entre 1973 y 1997, donde activamente participó en el grupo literario “L` Ocell Radiant”, en la Floresta, Sant Cugat del Valles. De vuelta en Chile, ha participado en algunos grupos literarios y además en el taller de poesía «El Caleuche» dirigido por la poeta Tatiana Olavarría en la SECH. Ha sido traducido parcialmente al catalán. Es miembro de la APOC (Asociación de Profesionales Catalanes) y uno de los editores de la revista literaria Joan Brossa. Ha publicado “Poemas del desarraigo” y “El entresijo de tu mirada”.
Seres perdidos Septiembre devuelve partes de mi ser perdido A dónde estarán todas las partes de mi cuerpo? En qué huella? En qué nube? Volveré a volar otra vez?
Nuestros restos Los restos de ellos aún nos miran Dónde están tus huesos? Pedro Martin Federico Victor María Alicia Dónde se fueron a morir? Dónde podré buscar y ensangrentar mis manos? Algo negro vuelve a supurar en la memoria Algo viene devuelto desde la estación del exilio.
El día de mañana Mañana moriremos cuando queramos buscar y no haya sombras ni acequias dónde enlutar la voz Solo un clavel blanco retratará tu figura desaparecida Más allá del ojo en negro Más allá del tendón cortado en dos Más allá del septiembre que humea solitario En la última carta que recibí Cuando la mirada no era suficiente ni el grito Ni la mano perdida en los barrotes oxidados. En memoria de nuestros muertos y desaparecidos en esta fecha funesta.
Writer born in Viña del Mar, Chile. Professor of language and communication at PUCV, poet and literary critic. In 2012, she published her first book, The Invisible Eyes of the Wind. She has published in renowned Chilean and foreign digital media: Babelia (Spain), Letras de Chile (Chile), Triplov and Athena de Portugal, among others. During the year 2017 she participates in the Xaleshem group with poetic texts for the surrealist anthologies: “Composing the illusion” in honor of Ludwig Zeller and “Full Moon”, in honor of Susana Wald. In 2018, she integrates the feminist anthology IXQUIC released both in Europe and in Latin America. In 2020 she participates reviewing the conversation book “Shuffle poetry, Surrealism in Latin America” by Alfonso Peña (Costa Rica), also writes a poetic prose text for the book “Arcano 16, La torre“, by the same author. Likewise, she participates in the book “120 notes of Eros. Written portraits of surrealist women” by Floriano Martins (Brazilian surrealist poet, writer, visual artist and cultural manager). In this year (2021) she publishes her second poetry book Poética de la erotica, amores y desamores by Marciano editores, Santiago. The Extraviados is her third book published by Espacio Sol Ediciones (2023)
MY LITTLE SELK’NAM ARMY IS A PAINTING WITHOUT ANY RUSH AND THAT HAS BEEN CREATED OVER TIME, FORMING A VISUAL ASSEMBLY STILL UNDER CONSTRUCTION MADE IN PRINCIPLE FROM THE PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS OF MARTÍN GUSINDE AND OTHER STYLE ARCHIVES , BUT WHICH THEN WAS INSTALLED WITH ITS OWN IMAGINARY. WITH THIS WORK I ALSO PAY A DEBT TO MY HISTORY AS A PAINTER, BODY PAINTING BEING ONE OF THE THEMES THAT HAS DIAGONALLY CROSSED ALL OF MY WORK.
“MY LITTLE SELKNAM ARMY”IT IS AN EXERCISE OF REPRESENTATION THROUGH PAINTING OF THIS RITUAL PATTERN OF FUEGIAN CREATION: AN AESTHETIC RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SUPERNATURAL AND A WAY OF UPDATING THE MYTH OF ORIGIN THROUGH A PROPOSAL FOR CONTEMPORARY CREATION THAT AT THE SAME TIME SEEKS TO RESIST FORGETTING.
-ASPECTS OF ETERNAL ADOLESCENCE-
A COUPLE OF NIGHTS AGO I LISTENED TO A SPECIALIST IN THEMES OF EMOTIONAL GROWTH -A SOCIOLOGIST I BELIEVE- TALK ABOUT THE BEHAVIOR OF MODERN ADOLESCENTS WITH REGARD TO THEIR INTEGRATION INTO THE ENVIRONMENT AND OTHER BEHAVIORS RELATED TO THEIR SOCIAL AND GROUP VALIDATION. QUITE KNOWLEDGEABLE ON THESE ISSUES, THE SOCIOLOGIST EXPLAINED CLEARLY REFERRING TO THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LOSS OF RITES OF PASSAGE IN CURRENT SOCIETIES, WHICH WOULD MEAN FOR THE ADOLESCENT GROUP TODAY, A STRONG DEFICIENCY IN THE SOCIAL AND PERSONAL AFFECTIVE FIELD, BY NOT HAVING NO CLEAR GENERATIONAL SIGN THAT CONFIRMS WHEN IS THAT EXACT MOMENT WHEN YOU STOP BEING A CHILD TO BECOME AN ADULT IN FULL MATURITY. THIS WOULD EXPLAIN THE SENSATION OF NOT BELONGING SOMETIMES MANIFESTED BY THE ADOLESCENT GROUP AND WOULD BE ADJUSTED IN SOME CASES,
THIS LACK OF SECURITY REGARDING THEIR PLACE IN THE WORLD WOULD AFFECT ADOLESCENTS IN ALMOST ALL CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES AND WOULD BE EXTENDERED BY A SYSTEM THAT APPEARS TO IGNORE THE TRANSCENDENCE OF THESE GENERATIONAL ISSUES OR EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES OF VITAL IMPORTANCE, SUCH AS THOSE THAT THEY ANNOUNCE THE GREAT CHANGES IN THE HUMAN BEING.
TO ADOLESCENCE COMES FROM ADOLESCENCE, TIME OF AILMENTS AND CHANGES. LEAVING AWAY THE FIRST MENSTRUATION OR THE CASE OF SEXUAL INITIATION IN MEN, TRADITIONALLY MARKED BY THE LITTLE GIRL ON TURN THAT DAD CHOOSES, THERE ARE FEW OR NONE OF THE SPACES OF RITUAL TRUST THAT WE PRACTICE SERIOUSLY AS PARENTS AND SONS. IT IS PARADOXICAL THAT REACHING THE AGE OF MAJORITY IS TODAY, IN A COUNTRY THAT BOASTS OF PRIVILEGING FAMILY VALUES, TECHNICALLY NOTHING MORE THAN A MERE PROCEDURE, WHERE AT THE AGE OF 18 THE ADOLESCENT “AUTOMATICALLY” BEGINS TO CARRY A CIVIL RESPONSIBILITY THAT THEY MUST CULTIVATE . FAR FROM ANY CEREMONY, IT IS NOT CURIOUS THEN THAT FINALLY THERE ARE EVERY FEWER RITES THAT CALL US TO COME TOGETHER OPENLY, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF DEATH, WHEN IT IS ALREADY TOO LATE.
FOR ANCIENT CULTURES SUCH AS THE SELKNAM, ONE OF OUR ORIGINAL AUTRAL PEOPLES, THESE CEREMONIES OR RITES OF PASSAGE WERE VERY IMPORTANT, EVEN CAUSING GREAT GENDER WARS FOR POWER AND DOMINATION OF THESE FESTIVALS, WHERE THE HOUSE WAS THROWN DOWN -O EL TOLDO- THROUGH THE WINDOW TO PAY TRIBUTE TO THE KEY MOMENT THROUGH WHICH THEIR CELEBRATIONS PASSED FOR THE ONLY TIME IN LIFE.
THE HAIN CLEARLY EMERGES AS THAT SACRED CEREMONY THAT USED THEATER AND SURVIVAL REPRESENTATIONS TO TEST THE MEASURE OF THE INITIATES, PREPARING THEM FOR A PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATIONS WITHIN THE MILESTONE THAT WOULD MARK A NEW EVENT IN THE BEHAVIOR OF THE KLOKÉTEN NOVICE IN FRONT OF HIS TRIBE, WHO AT THAT MOMENT JOINTLY DECIDED THEIR PASS TO PHYSICAL AND SPIRITUAL MATURITY. A SACRED ACT WHICH WOULD GIVE THEIR LIVES BOTH STRUCTURE AND SIGNIFICANCE AND WHICH WOULD ALLOW THEM TO GENERATE THE TRUST WHICH THE INITIATED COULD LATER HAND ON FOR THE REST OF HIS LIFE. PAST-PRESENT-FUTURE DEFINED WITH SUCH OPENNESS AND CLARITY, ALLOWED THE KLOKÉTEN TO BEGIN THE RITUAL PROCESS TO STOP BEING A CHILD AND THUS TAKE THE REINS OF ITS OWN MATURITY.
BEING AN ADULT, HOW COMPLICATED…. EVERYTHING WRITTEN IS BORN FROM ONE OF THE PICTURES OR “ FRAGMENTS”, WHICH I PAINTED YEARS AGO ON A TREE BARK (ABOVE IN THE PHOTO) AND WHERE THE SPIRIT OF HAIN MANIFESTS HOUSING IN THE PAINTED FIGURE OF AKLOKÉTEN . HERE IS REPRESENTED THE COMPLEX SYMBOLISM OF INITIAL OPPOSITION AND TRANSFORMATION BY WHICH THE KLOKÉTENHE WAS SUBJECTED INSIDE SECRET SOCIETIES THAT SEEKED TO TURN HIM INTO A MAN. THE FUSION OF A WORLD IN TRANSIT OR RITE OF PASSAGE IS INCORPORATED INTO THE PICTORICAL SIGN AND INTO THE HISTORY BROUGHT WITH IT BY THE SUPPORT, COLLECTED FOR THAT PURPOSE ON THE SLOPE OF THE VILLARRICA VOLCANO FROM THE CALCINATED REMAINS OF A CONIFER SPLIT BY LIGHTNING. JUST AS THE ANCIENTS DID TO MAKE THE RITUAL MASKS WHICH THEY USED IN THEIR CEREMONIES, I COLLECT THE BARK OF THE TREES TO PAINT THEM WITH PART OF THIS HISTORY THAT DISAPPEARS AND THAT ALSO BELONGS TO ME, BEING THE COLLECTION, A RITE THAT IS SIBLISHED TO THE PAINTING ALREADY THE TELLURIC TEXTURES OF THE EARTH, LIKE BROKEN FRAGMENTS FROM A NOT SO REMOTE PAST, AND IN WHICH WE STILL REFLECT OURSELVES.
-MY LITTLE SELK’NAM ARMY- I
THE VARIETY OF COSTUMES THAT THE SELK’NAM USED FOR THEIR PERFORMANCES DURING THE HAIN CEREMONY, THEY ARE BASED ON A CONCEPT OF CORPORALITY CREATED TO DELIVER THEIR IDEAS REGARDING RELIGIOUSNESS AND INFLUENCES TO WHICH THEY WERE SUBJECTED SINCE THEIR ORIGINS IN A DOMINANT MATRIARCHAL SOCIETY, IN WHICH THE BODY WAS THE MAIN COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENT OF MAN . THIS CONCEPT OF IMAGE, DESIGN AND MOVING COLORS ARE KEY ELEMENTS TO UNDERSTAND THE SYMBOLIC MESSAGE OF ITS CEREMONIES. IN THIS SECRET GAME, THE WORK OF THE SPIRITS WAS TO PUNISH HARDLY THOSE WHO OPPOSED THE ORDERS OF THE WOMEN.
THE PASSAGE OF TIME WOULD BE KNOWN AS THE UPDATING OF THE MYTH -ENDING THE FEMALE DOMINANCE IN CEREMONIES- THE REVEALED MEN FOUND A NEW HUT BUILT OF ROCK WITH SEVEN STONE POSTS DRAGGED FROM THEIR NATAL COUNTRIES. FIRST WACUS STARTED , THEN PAWUS AND AFTER SANU. THEY WERE STRONG AND TALL MEN. WHEN THE FIRST THREE PILLARS WERE WELL SECURED, HE BEGAN TO RAISE HIS SATE , THEN TALEN , THEN KEYAISK AND FINALLY YOISIK . EACH ONE OF THEM STOOD UNDER THE POST HE HAD RAISED, ASSUMING THE ROLE OF THE SEVEN SUPPORTSMAIN. THESE MEN ANCESTORS IN MYTHICAL TIMES WOULD BE TRANSFORMED AFTER THEIR DEATH IN DIFFERENT BEINGS OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, ACTING AS SIGNIFICANTS IN EACH EPISODE REPRESENTED IN THE RITUAL AND ESTABLISHING AN ORDER THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN THE ONE THAT THEY WOULD HAVE MAINTAINED UNTIL HISTORICAL TIMES.
EACH ONE OF THE SEVEN REGIONS OF THE SELK’NAM TERRITORY HAD A SUPPORT ACCOMPANIED BY HIS XALPEN WIFE . XALPEN WAS A FEMALE SPIRIT OF GREAT POWER FEARED BY MEN AND WOMEN WHO LIVED UNDER THE EARTH AND CALLED ON MEN TO SATISFY THEIR LUSTFUL DESIRES. “IT IS ABOUT AN EXTREMELY DANGEROUS, IRRITABLE, CAPRICIOUSLY UNPREDICTABLE BEING, WHICH WITH GREAT PLEASURE CAUSES MEN THE MOST DIVERSE DISCOMFORT. She alternates them to satisfy her sexual desires with them, REGARDLESS THAT UNDERGROUND, THE INITIATES OF THE KLÓKETEN ARE PERMANENTLY AVAILABLE (…) SHE IS CONSIDERED A WOMAN OF GREAT PROCREATIVE POWER AND BECAUSE OF HER ARBITRARIOUSNESS, SHE IS HATED BY WOMEN WHO HOWEVER, THEY SHOULD MAKE AN EFFORT TO CALM IT OUT OF CONSIDERATIONS TOWARDS THEIR HUSBANDS AND CHILDREN” (M.GUSINDE 1990: 908)
EACH SUPPORT THEN WAS DECORATED WITH PAINTINGS AND DESIGNS DEFINED BY TRADITION. THEIR FIGURES AND MOVEMENTS WERE CONSIDERED BY THE SELK’NAM AS MAGNIFICENT AND BEAUTIFUL, ESPECIALLY AMONG WOMEN. SANUIT WAS THE SOORTE OF THE WEST . WITH A RED BODY AND ABUNDANT WHITE DOTS ORDERED SYMMETRICALLY THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE BODY, IT INDICATED THE SPIRIT’S BELONGING TO A SPECIFIC CARDINAL POINT THAT COULD BE EASILY INTERPRETED BY ALL BYSTANDERS THANKS TO THE PREDOMINANCE OF COLOR. ITS BODY ORNAMENTATION PRESENTED A DEFINED DESIGN PATTERN, WHICH SEEKED TO HIGHLIGHT A TALL, SLIM, STRONG AND AGILE FIGURE, SOMETIMES REPRESENTED BY MOVEMENTS SUCH AS FLIGHT: “SHOULDERS RAISED, ARMS FOLDED AND SLIGHTLY SEPARATED FROM THE BODY, AND HANDS CLOSED IN FISTS, THE “ACTOR” REPETITATIVELY LIFTS HIS FEET, MOVES HIS HEAD ENERGETICALLY, GIVES QUICK JUMPS, STOPS AFTER EACH ONE OF THEM AND THEN MAKES THE WHOLE BODY SHAKE” .
THE SEVEN MAIN SUPPORTS WERE SYMBOLICALLY RELATED TO THE “FOUR INVISIBLE MOUNTAINS OF INFINITY”, COMBINING A HIGH-LEVEL IDEOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTION OF CONCEPTUAL AND AESTHETIC ABSTRACTION. SOORTE SANU CAME FROM THE WEST KÉNENIK MOUNTAIN RANGE, PLACE OF THE SUNSET OF THE SUN EXPRESSED BY THE ORIGIN OF RED AND THE TRAIL OF DEATH. REPRESENTING AN OWN CULTURAL IMAGINERY THROUGH THE PERFORMANCE OF THE RITE WAS FOR THE SELK’NAM A COMPLEX SHOW OF ANTHROPOMORPHOLIC BEINGS WHOSE MASKS AND ACTIONS REVEALED THEIR PERSONALITY, THUS HELPING TO ORDER AND UPDATE A SYMBOLIC-TERRITORIAL SPACE SUPPORTED BY ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL VALUES.
-MY LITTLE SELK’NAM ARMY- II
IN THE YEARS OF THE HAIN MYTH, THE YOUNGER AND INEXPERIENCED MEN OCCUPY INSIDE THE CEREMONIAL, THE SITE OF THE SECONDARY SUPPORTS; AGILE AND FAST BODIES PREPARED AND DECORATED FOR DANCE WITH COLORS ONLY PARTIALLY VISIBLE TO OTHERS, THUS SHOWING THEIR SURPRISING SPEED AND BODY ENERGY. ULEM IS ONE OF THEM. HE RELATED WITH THE OTHER SOORTES THROUGH THE THREE MAIN COLORS AND HIS FENSE FOR MOVEMENT:
“THE BODY IS DARK RED AND WHITE HORIZONTAL STRIPES ARE APPLIED TO IT, LEAVING SHORT INTERMEDIATE SECTIONS”…”VERTICALLY FROM THE NECK PASSING THROUGH THE NAVEL, LOWERS A WHITE LINE. THE ULEM MASK IS MADE OF COLORED BARK LIGHTER RED WITH THREE WHITE LINES ON THE TOP”.
THIS POINT – LINE – STRIP REITERATING WITHIN THE FIELDS OF BODY DRAWING, REFERS TO THE MYTH OF THE SAME CHARACTERS: MALE SPIRITS WITH IDEAL PHYSICAL QUALITIES FOR A HUNTER-GATHERER IN THE TIME OF THE SELK’NAM SOCIETY: AGILITY, STRENGTH, SPEED AND BEAUTY.
EACH SUPPORT HAD TOTAL CREATION AUTONOMY AND BY NOT REPRESENTING A DEFINED PATTERN IN ITS DESIGN, IT WAS POSSIBLE TO RECOGNIZE EACH OF THEM BY THEIR MASKS.
ALL FIGURES WITH GREAT MOBILITY, BLENDED INTO THE BLACK ANTARCTIC NIGHTS, TRYING TO REPRESENT THE MOVEMENTS OF SOME LOCAL ANIMAL BROUGHT INTO THE FIELD OF THE CEREMONY, WITHOUT FORGETTING THAT DESPITE THEY ENJOYED GREAT FREEDOM, EACH OF THE CHARACTERIZATIONS WAS SUBORDINATED TO A PREVIOUSLY ESTABLISHED SCRIPT INHERITED FROM PREVIOUS GENERATIONS.
THIS SIGN OF BELONGING GAVE SENSE TO THE CYCLE OF LIFE, AND EACH YOUNG INITIATE WHO UNDERTAKEN THE RITUAL UNDERSTANDED IT SO. ULEM IS PART OF SOME 100 FIGURES PAINTED ON COIGÜE PLATE THAT ARE INCLUDED IN THE POLYPTHYTHY MURAL “MY LITTLE SELKNAM ARMY” .
-MY LITTLE SELK’NAM ARMY- III
ACID LIKE A PAINTING COMPOSED OF SEVERAL PIECES THAT TOGETHER MAKE UP A MAJOR WORK, “MY LITTLE SELK’NAM ARMY” IS A POLYPTIC MURAL OF FIGURES IN OIL AND MIXED TECHNIQUES ON COIGUE AND MAÑÍO PLATES THAT I BEGAN TO PAINT IN 1998 AND WHICH I CONTINUE TO PAINTING UNTIL TODAY AS AN EXERCISE OF CREATION ON TRAVEL, CARRIED OUT DURING MY TEMPORARY TRANSIT THROUGH DIFFERENT PLACES IN CHILE SUCH AS THE ANDES MOUNTAINS, THE SOUTHERN CANALS, PATAGONIA OR THE ROUGH ARIDITY OF THE NORTHERN COASTS, TRAVELING ON SOLO EXPEDITIONS OVER THE DECK OF BOATS, BUS SEATS, LOANED CARS, MICROS OR PLANES; RESTING IN HOTELS, SHELTERS OR TENTS, WORKING AND WALKING IN WHICH ARE UP TO NOW 120 FIGURES OF BODY PAINTED IN A SIZE OF 16 X 10 CMS EACH AND WHICH FORM AS A WHOLE,
BODY PAINTING OF REAL AND INVENTED BEINGS, IMAGINED, TORN FROM THE BORDERS OF DEATH (AND OBLIVION) IN A FORMAT OF RITUAL REPRESENTATION THAT THE ANCIENTS KEPT UNTIL THE ARRIVAL OF THE WHITE MAN AS A CEREMONY OF PASSAGE FOR THE NEW GENERATIONS OF INITIATES.
THIS IS THE ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, MY TERRACOTTA ESCORT. A GUARD OF MOCETONES MADE OF MUD AND FUNERAL WOOD THAT STAND UP AMONG THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE LIKE A MASTER BEAM THAT SPEAKS TO US WITH THE SILENCE OF THE EXHUMEED BODIES, THAT ADVENTURE OF NAMELESS GRAVES, EMPTY BASINS AND TRACES MISSING LIKE RUBBLE BURIED AMONG THE branches.
THE PETROGLYPHS OF THE CHOAPA VALLEY- TWOIN THE PATH
THE REGION BETWEEN THE ILLAPEL AND CHOAPA RIVERS CORRESPONDS TO THE SOUTH/EAST EXTREME OF THE PROVINCE OF THE SAME NAME, IN THE IV REGION OF CHILE. IT IS ALSO THE SOUTHERN LIMIT OF THE NORTE CHICO, A GEOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATE TRANSITION ZONE TO THE ABSOLUTE ARIDITY OF THE NORTE GRANDE.
CROSSED BY A LARGE NUMBER OF TRANSVERSE VALLEYS, THIS REGION IS THE NARROWEST IN CHILE -90 KM WIDTH FROM THE SEA TO THE CORDILLERA- WHICH MAKES IT A USUAL HUMAN TRACK SINCE TIME IMMEMORIAL. FULL OF MOUNTAIN PASSES THAT CROSS THE ANDES AT VERY LOW ALTITUDE, IT HAS BEEN A PLACE OF PERMANENT MOVEMENT OF HUMAN POPULATIONS SINCE PRE-HISPANIC TIMES. UNTIL TODAY IT IS COMMON TO SEE MUTLEEERS WITH CARAVANS OF MULES TRAVELING THE BEAUTIFUL FOOTPRINT THAT WINDS DRAWING THE NARROW VALLEY THAT FOLLOWS THE COURSE OF THE ILLAPEL RIVER, OR THROUGH THE FERTILE CAUCE OF THE CHOAPA, WHICH OFFERS A GOOD AMOUNT OF NATURAL VIEWPOINTS FROM WHICH THE ANCIENT HAD A PERFECT PANORAMIC OF THE VALLEY.
FOLLOWING A BRANCH OF THE ROAD THAT LEADS TO THE CAVILOLÉN SLOPE, WE GO INTO AN AREA FULL OF FERTILE TRANSVERSAL VALLEYS INHABITED BY MAN FOR MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND YEARS.
PLACE OF ORIGIN OF STRONG POPULAR MYTHS, TODAY WE TRY TO TRAVEL THROUGH THESE ROADS, AS A WAY TO REMAKE PART OF THE ANCIENT TRACES OCCUPIED BY THE NOMADIC SHEPHERDS AND AS POSSIBLE TO DISCOVER THE MYSTERIOUS REASON THAT MOTIVATED THESE MEN TO MARK THEIR PASSAGE THROUGH THESE PLACES , THROUGH THE STONE INSCRIPTION OF ROCK ART.
WE LEAVE THE CITY OF ILLAPEL BEHIND, TO PASS THROUGH THE MYSTERIOUS SALAMANCA -NATIONAL CAPITAL OF IMBUNCHE- AND CONTINUE THROUGH THE COURSE OF THE CHOAPA RIVER TO ITS ORIGIN, SOMETHING SOUTHEAST OF CUNCUMEN, OUR FIRST STOP.
NIGHT FALLS SLOWLY OVER THE GENTLE SLOPS OF THE MOUNTAINS, FROM WHERE THE CACTI RISE LIKE ANCIENT LOOTCH-OUTS OUTLINED AGAINST THE FADING COLOR OF THE SKIES.
THE WIND SLOWS DOWN AND A STRONG SILENCE APPEARS SPEEDING UP FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE EARTH, WHILE WE INSTALL OUR TENTS AND DREAM THAT ON FULL MOON NIGHTS, WITCHES WILL FLY OUT TO THEIR COVENS WHILE POETS WILL WRITE WITH A BONE PUNCH IN THE ANCIENT LANGUAGE OF A BLACK GOAT.
THRESHOLDS
“THRESHOLD IS THAT BRIDGE THAT IS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN ONE PLACE AND ANOTHER, THAT (IN)VISIBLE PATH OR LIMIT THAT SEPARATES THEM, IS THE MINIMUM SIGN, SKIN, TEXTURE OR MATTER, FIRST STEP OR ENTRANCE FOR THINGS TO HAPPEN, OPEN DOOR IN FRONT OF THE THE ABYSS OF A NON-EXISTENT SPACE WHICH IS ALSO THE WORLD OF PAINTING, WHICH MOVES, WHICH MUTS, WHICH CHANGES, WHICH DISAPPEARES; THRESHOLD IS THE FRONTIER AND THE REVERSE OF THINGS, IT IS AT THE SAME TIME THE BEGINNING AND THE END, ORIGIN AND DESTINATION, ENTRY AND EXIT; THRESHOLD IS PAINTING AT THE SPEED OF A NERVOUS IMPULSE STIMULATING UNKNOWN SPACES, EXPLORING A NON-PLACE AND FINDING THE PERMANENT FACES OF ITS ABSENCE IN IT.”
“THRESHOLDS”,SERIES OF 15 PAINTINGS, TWO SHOWN, IN MIXED TECHNIQUE ON COUCHÉ PAPER, 40 X 40 CMS EACH, MADE BETWEEN MY WORKSHOPS OF “LAS ANIMAS” IN VALDIVIA AND “RIO ACONCAGUA” IN CONCON, ON THE EDGE OF THE XXI CENTURY.
born in Valparaíso in 1968. After living in Patagonia and in United States product of a scholarship, his first painting exhibitions were date back to the nineties in Valdivia. Later he moved to Santiago and the Fifth Region, where his visual and literary work materializes in a body of work that addresses different forms of expression, such as painting and drawing, experimental and documentary video, visual poetry and muralism, with public art projects installed in Santiago, Valparaíso. As a visual artist he has exhibited his paintings in 15 solo shows and in more than 60 group shows in Chile, Europe and the United States, and his poetic texts have been published in regional, national and international poetry collections, his work being awarded in different state funds for artistic creation such as Fondart, Cntv, Fondo Carnavales Cultural Centers of Valparaíso, among others. Currently the painter lives and works between Valparaíso, Santiago and Concón, where he develops his artistic projects and teacher training, being in charge of university graduates, painting and mural workshops, becoming a teacher for generations of students and artists who have worked with him.